{"id":16330,"date":"2022-09-23T15:36:43","date_gmt":"2022-09-23T15:36:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/actual-news\/27689\/"},"modified":"2022-11-08T11:57:00","modified_gmt":"2022-11-08T11:57:00","slug":"27689","status":"publish","type":"cpt_aktualne_spravy","link":"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/actual-news\/27689\/","title":{"rendered":"Ako chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 skvalit\u0148uj\u00fa n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot&#8230;."},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>\u0160pi\u010dkov\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd v\u00fdskum je nevy\u010derpate\u013enou studnicou pre aplik\u00e1cie.<\/strong> Potvrdzuje to aj <strong>v\u00fdskum chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd v\u00fdrazne skvalit\u0148uje n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot.<br \/>\n<strong>Obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdznam skla<\/strong> pre \u017eivot pod\u010diarkla aj Organiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov vyhl\u00e1sen\u00edm roka 2022 za Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd rok skla.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>\u010co je vlastne sklo<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Sklo je anorganick\u00fd nekry\u0161talick\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/strong>, vyroben\u00fd taven\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch surov\u00edn a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm riaden\u00fdm ochladzovan\u00edm vzniknutej skloviny bez kry\u0161taliz\u00e1cie.<br \/>\n<strong>Vznik\u00e1 plynul\u00fdm prechodom zo stavu kvapaln\u00e9ho do stavu tuh\u00e9ho<\/strong>. Pri ochladzovan\u00ed skla doch\u00e1dza k spojit\u00e9mu rastu vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho trenia (viskozity) a\u017e na tak vysok\u00fa hodnotu, \u017ee materi\u00e1l sa navonok jav\u00ed ako tuh\u00e1 l\u00e1tka.<br \/>\nNa rozdiel od kry\u0161talick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok je \u0161trukt\u00fara skla bez pravideln\u00fdch, symetrick\u00fdch a periodicky usporiadan\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch stavebn\u00fdch jednotiek na dlh\u0161iu vzdialenos\u0165. Zvy\u010dajne <strong>zara\u010fujeme sklo do skupiny tzv. amorfn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok<\/strong> bez ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek usporiadania stavebn\u00fdch at\u00f3mov so \u0161trukt\u00farou \u201ezamrznutej\u201c kvapaliny.<br \/>\n<strong>Skl\u00e1 s\u00fa v\u0161ak trochu \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi amorfn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami<\/strong>, preto\u017ee maj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00fa usporiadanos\u0165 na ve\u013emi kr\u00e1tku vzdialenos\u0165. Existuje teda stavebn\u00e1 jednotka (mot\u00edv) pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faci z nieko\u013ek\u00fdch at\u00f3mov, pri\u010dom v r\u00e1mci mot\u00edvu dodr\u017eiavaj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 at\u00f3my pravideln\u00e9 usporiadanie. Samotn\u00e9 mot\u00edvy s\u00fa v\u0161ak usporiadan\u00e9 nepravidelne.<br \/>\n<strong>Sklo sa vyzna\u010duje vysokou priepustnos\u0165ou svetla v oblasti vidite\u013en\u00e9ho spektra<\/strong>. Pri be\u017en\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch je tento materi\u00e1l tuh\u00fd a tvrd\u00fd, z\u00e1rove\u0148 je v\u0161ak krehk\u00fd. Je odoln\u00fd vo\u010di poveternostn\u00fdm a chemick\u00fdm vplyvom, nepriepustn\u00fd, m\u00e1 vysok\u00fa pevnos\u0165 v tlaku, relat\u00edvne n\u00edzku mern\u00fa teplotn\u00fa a elektrick\u00fa vodivos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Kr\u00e1tka hist\u00f3ria skla<\/strong><br \/>\nDejiny skla sa za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa u\u017e <strong>v Mezopot\u00e1mii<\/strong>, kde tamoj\u0161\u00ed majstri pribli\u017ene <strong>v 3. tis\u00edcro\u010d\u00ed p.n.l. vyna\u0161li techniku v\u00fdroby skla<\/strong>.<br \/>\nSklo sa vyskytuje aj v pr\u00edrode ako hornina. Vznik\u00e1 pri roztaven\u00ed kremi\u010dit\u00e9ho piesku pri vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu p\u00f4sobi\u0165 napr. v d\u00f4sledku \u00faderu blesku, pri sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupci\u00e1ch, alebo pri dopade meteoritu.<br \/>\nU\u017e v mlad\u0161ej dobe kamennej, teda cca 7 000 p.n.l., pou\u017e\u00edvali \u013eudia sklen\u00e9 horniny z pr\u00edrody s ostr\u00fdmi rezn\u00fdmi hranami ako u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. Okolo roku 1 500 p.n.l. za\u010dali vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 star\u00ed Egyp\u0165ania prv\u00e9 dut\u00e9 sklen\u00e9 n\u00e1doby na masti alebo oleje. Sk\u00fasenosti skl\u00e1rov sa \u010falej \u0161\u00edrili z Alexandrie do S\u00fdrie a Palest\u00edny a nesk\u00f4r do Talianska, Galie a Por\u00fdnia. Sklo br\u00fasili u\u017e star\u00ed Rimania.<br \/>\nZ kni\u017enice as\u00fdrskeho kr\u00e1\u013ea A\u0161\u0161urbanipala poch\u00e1dza prv\u00fd zn\u00e1my recept na v\u00fdrobu skla v hist\u00f3rii: \u201eVezmi 60 dielov piesku, 180 dielov popola z morsk\u00fdch rastl\u00edn a 5 dielov kriedy.\u201c T\u00e1to recept\u00fara z roku 658 p.n.l. zost\u00e1va u\u017e dva a pol tis\u00edca rokov neprekonan\u00e1.<br \/>\n<strong>Z kremi\u010dit\u00e9ho piesku, uhli\u010ditanu draseln\u00e9ho a v\u00e1penca vznikne pr\u00edrodn\u00e9, nepriepustn\u00e9, tvarovate\u013en\u00e9 a odoln\u00e9 sklo<\/strong>. V stredoveku sa rozvinula trad\u00edcia antick\u00e9ho f\u00fakan\u00e9ho skla. Vrcholn\u00fd stredovek zas prispel v\u00fdrobou dut\u00e9ho skla a tie\u017e umen\u00edm vitr\u00e1\u017ee, tzv. sklenej mozaiky. R\u00f4znymi tvarmi dut\u00e9ho skla zase prispela gotika \u2013 priniesla f\u013ea\u0161e alebo kalichy.<br \/>\nNa \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho Slovenska sa v\u00fdroba skla uskuto\u010d\u0148ovala predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v bansk\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. <strong>Prv\u00e9 skl\u00e1rne na na\u0161om \u00fazem\u00ed vznikli v roku 1350 v Sklen\u00fdch Tepliciach.<\/strong> Postupne prib\u00fadali a na konci 18. storo\u010dia ich bolo viac ne\u017e 60.<br \/>\n<strong>V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je sklo neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1\u0161ho \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia<\/strong>. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa vo v\u00fdskume, komunika\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch, architekt\u00fare a sol\u00e1rnych zariadeniach. Sklo je ide\u00e1lnym obalov\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom pre n\u00e1poje, potraviny a kozmetiku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Ak\u00e9 druhy skla pozn\u00e1me ?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Skl\u00e1 triedime predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pod\u013ea ich chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia, ktor\u00e9 v zna\u010dnej miere ur\u010duje ich fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti a n\u00e1sledne aj ich pou\u017eitie v technickej praxi.<\/strong><br \/>\nNajv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu skupinu tvoria <strong>oxidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1<\/strong> na b\u00e1ze oxidu krem\u00edka (tradi\u010dn\u00e9 kremenn\u00e9 sklo), \u010falej na b\u00e1ze oxidov b\u00f3ru, fosforu, germ\u00e1nia, tel\u00faru a antim\u00f3nu. Taktie\u017e pozn\u00e1me <strong>skl\u00e1 na b\u00e1ze halogenidov, chalkonidov<\/strong> (zl\u00fa\u010denina S, Se a Te), ale aj tzv. <strong>kovov\u00e9 skl\u00e1.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Skl\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017eeme triedi\u0165 aj pod\u013ea ich pou\u017eitia:<\/strong> obalov\u00e9 sklo (f\u013ea\u0161e, demi\u017e\u00f3ny, konzervov\u00e9 sklo, obaly pre farm\u00e1ciu a parfum\u00e9riu, tabu\u013eov\u00e9 sklo (obklady budov, sklen\u00e9 v\u00fdplne okien, dver\u00ed, n\u00e1bytku, obrazov, sklen\u00edkov, zrkadl\u00e1, automobilov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 a pod.), \u00fa\u017eitkov\u00e9 sklo (poh\u00e1re, sklen\u00e9 n\u00e1doby, n\u00e1pojov\u00e9 sklo, dekorat\u00edvne a umeleck\u00e9 sklo), technick\u00e9 a laborat\u00f3rne sklo (sklen\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky pre chemick\u00fd a potravin\u00e1rsky priemysel a zdravotn\u00edctvo), optick\u00e9 sklo (lupy, astronomick\u00e9 a fotografick\u00e9 objekt\u00edvy), skl\u00e1 pre mikro a nanoelektroniku, senzoriku, optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 prvky, holografiu, infra\u010derven\u00fa optiku a pod.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1<\/strong><br \/>\nN\u00e1zov &#8222;chalkog\u00e9nidov\u00e9 skla&#8220; je odvoden\u00fd od prvkov VI skupiny periodickej tabu\u013eky, kde s\u00fa prvky, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1ju spolo\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1zov chalkog\u00e9ny. <strong>Chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 s\u00fa materi\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa aspo\u0148 jeden z nasleduj\u00facich prvkov: s\u00edru (S), sel\u00e9n (Se) a\/alebo tel\u00far (Te).<\/strong><br \/>\nKysl\u00edk, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v periodickej tabu\u013eke nad s\u00edrou je v t\u00fdchto skl\u00e1ch ne\u017eiaduci. T\u00fdmto sa chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 l\u00ed\u0161ia od v\u0161etk\u00fdch be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch skiel, z\u00e1kladom ktor\u00fdch je oxid kremi\u010dit\u00fd (SiO2).<br \/>\n<strong>Chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 ve\u013emi zlo\u017eit\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny<\/strong> a pripravuj\u00fa sa priamou synt\u00e9zou chalkog\u00e9nov (S, Se, Te) s prvkami ako napr. arz\u00e9n (As), germ\u00e1nium (Ge), antim\u00f3n (Sb), g\u00e1lium (Ga) a \u010dasto s\u00fa dopovan\u00e9 prvkami kovov (napr. striebrom, me\u010fou, indiom, ale v ostatnom \u010dase aj kovmi vz\u00e1cnych zem\u00edn).<br \/>\nKombin\u00e1ciou t\u00fdchto prvkov vysokej \u010distoty a ve\u013emi vysokou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou chladenia taveniny v inertnej atmosf\u00e9re sa daj\u00fa pripravi\u0165 skl\u00e1 v \u0161irokom spektre chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia, a teda s ve\u013emi r\u00f4znorod\u00fdmi fyzik\u00e1lno-chemick\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 s\u00fa zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pre ich optick\u00e9 a elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/strong><br \/>\nFyzik\u00e1lno-chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel sa ve\u013emi l\u00ed\u0161ia v z\u00e1vislosti od ich zlo\u017eenia. Niektor\u00e9 vlastnosti s\u00fa v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9.<br \/>\nZauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie s\u00fa v\u0161ak optick\u00e9 vlastnosti chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel. Pod\u013ea zlo\u017eenia prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 svetlo od vlnovej d\u013a\u017eky 400 nanometrov (modr\u00e1 farba) \u2013 a\u017e do 20 000 nanometrov (infra\u010derven\u00e1 oblas\u0165).<br \/>\n<strong>Pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00fdm optick\u00fdm vlastnostiam maj\u00fa chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 mno\u017estvo aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/strong>. P\u00f4soben\u00edm elektromagnetick\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia (svetlo, r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie, pr\u00fad elektr\u00f3nov a in\u00e9), tepla a elektrick\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu je mo\u017en\u00e9 v chalkogenidov\u00fdch skl\u00e1ch vyvola\u0165 cel\u00fa plej\u00e1du zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch javov s obrovsk\u00fdm aplika\u010dn\u00fdm potenci\u00e1lom. <strong>U\u017e viac ako pol storo\u010dia s\u00fa preto chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 v centre pozornosti materi\u00e1lov\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Pr\u00ednos pre n\u00e1\u0161 ka\u017edodenn\u00fd komfort a bud\u00facnos\u0165<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0160irok\u00e1 paleta fyzik\u00e1lnych a chemick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed t\u00fdchto materi\u00e1lov (\u0161trukt\u00fara, index lomu svetla, optick\u00e1 priepustnos\u0165, \u0161\u00edrka zak\u00e1zan\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma, termick\u00e9 a in\u00e9 vlastnost\u00ed) sa m\u00f4\u017eu ladi\u0165 zmenou chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia skla, dopovan\u00edm kovov\u00fdch prvkov a kovov vz\u00e1cnych zem\u00edn, sveteln\u00fdm \u017eiaren\u00edm vhodnej vlnovej d\u013a\u017eky a vhodnej intenzity a tepeln\u00fdm \u017e\u00edhan\u00edm.<br \/>\nV\u010faka tomu maj\u00fa <strong>tieto skl\u00e1 uplatnenie v laseroch, zosil\u0148ova\u010doch optick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu, optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1knach, hranoloch, difrak\u010dn\u00fdch mrie\u017ekach, \u0161o\u0161ovk\u00e1ch, materi\u00e1loch pre holografick\u00e9 zobrazenie.<\/strong> Podobne aj v optoelektronike (napr. xeroxy, optick\u00e9 pam\u00e4te, DVD disky) a elektronike (napr. sp\u00ednacie a pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 prvky, fotovoltaick\u00e9 panely, i\u00f3nov\u00e9 selekt\u00edvne elektr\u00f3dy).<br \/>\n<strong>Ako pr\u00edklad u\u017eito\u010dnej aplik\u00e1cie chalkogenidov\u00e9ho skla mo\u017eno uvies\u0165 jeho vyu\u017eitie pri v\u00fdrobe optick\u00fdch \u0161o\u0161oviek pre zobrazenie v infra\u010dervenej oblasti, teda pre no\u010dn\u00e9 videnie a termov\u00edziu.<\/strong><br \/>\nV be\u017enom \u017eivote sa so zariadeniami na tejto b\u00e1ze m\u00f4\u017eeme stretn\u00fa\u0165 napr. v termov\u00edznych kamer\u00e1ch alebo v niektor\u00fdch automobiloch vy\u0161\u0161ej triedy, kam sa montuje zariadenie pre no\u010dn\u00e9 videnie pre zv\u00fd\u0161enie bezpe\u010dnosti.<br \/>\n<strong>Aktu\u00e1lnym je aj vyu\u017eitie t\u00fdchto materi\u00e1lov pre v\u00fdvoj pam\u00e4t\u00ed na b\u00e1ze \u0161trukt\u00farnych f\u00e1zov\u00fdch zmien<\/strong>, \u010do predstavuje typ vysoko v\u00fdkonnej energeticky nez\u00e1vislej pam\u00e4te po\u010d\u00edta\u010da.<br \/>\n<strong>Chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 patria do skupiny neline\u00e1rnych optick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, \u010do im otv\u00e1ra cestu pri aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch v telekomunika\u010dnom sektore.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Vzh\u013eadom k vynikaj\u00facej chemickej odolnosti a stabilite t\u00fdchto skiel v agres\u00edvnych m\u00e9di\u00e1ch, chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v oblasti monitorovania prostredia a kontroly priemyseln\u00fdch procesov<\/strong> vy\u017eaduj\u00facich meranie priamo na mieste a v kontinu\u00e1lnom re\u017eime.<br \/>\nChalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj v elektrolytoch pre tuhol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie, citliv\u00fdch i\u00f3nov\u00fdch selekt\u00edvnych elektr\u00f3dach a detektoroch r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho zariadenia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Smerujeme k nanosvetu<\/strong><br \/>\nS\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 trendy jednozna\u010dne ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee <strong>mikroelektronika kr\u00e1\u010da m\u00ed\u013eov\u00fdmi krokmi smerom k nanoelektronike<\/strong>. Predpona \u201enano&#8220; poch\u00e1dza z gr\u00e9ckeho \u201enanos\u201c, ktor\u00fd ozna\u010duje trpasl\u00edka.<br \/>\nMikroelektronick\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie umo\u017enili od \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokov v\u00fdznamn\u00fa miniaturiz\u00e1ciu, zni\u017eovanie pr\u00edkonu a zvy\u0161ovanie \u00fa\u010dinnosti.<br \/>\n<strong>Nastupuj\u00faca nanoelektronika bude pracova\u0165 v kvantovom svete s nanometrov\u00fdmi rozmermi.<\/strong><br \/>\nPojem nanoelektronika se za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v 80. rokoch v s\u00favislosti s mo\u017enos\u0165ou pripravi\u0165 polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary s rozmermi v submikrometrovej oblasti. Za hranicu medzi mikroelektronikou a nanoelektronikou sa pova\u017euje rozmer 100 nanometrov.<br \/>\nJe len logick\u00e9, \u017ee <strong>aj v\u00fdskum v oblasti chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel a ich potenci\u00e1lnych aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti zameriava na nano oblas\u0165.<\/strong> S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pr\u00edpravu chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel vo forme nanovrstiev, nanodr\u00f4tov a nano\u010dast\u00edc, \u010do v\u00fdrazne roz\u0161\u00edrilo aplika\u010dn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti t\u00fdchto materi\u00e1lov v nanoelektronike, nanooptike, biol\u00f3gii a medic\u00edne (napr. laserov\u00e1 mikrochirurgia).<br \/>\nVe\u013emi <strong>perspekt\u00edvnym je v\u00fdskum v oblasti vytv\u00e1rania periodick\u00fdch nano\u0161trukt\u00far na ve\u013emi tenk\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel<\/strong> pomocou laseru alebo koherentn\u00e9ho elektr\u00f3nov\u00e9ho zv\u00e4zku.<br \/>\nTak\u00e9to unik\u00e1tne \u0161trukt\u00fary vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa vedci v Nanotechnologickom laborat\u00f3riu C<strong>entra fyziky n\u00edzkych tepl\u00f4t Univerzity P. J. \u0160af\u00e1rika a v \u00dastave experiment\u00e1lnej fyziky SAV v Ko\u0161iciach<\/strong>. Otv\u00e1raj\u00fa nov\u00fa cestu pr\u00edpravy nanooptick\u00fdch a nanoelektronick\u00fdch elementov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">\u2666\u2666\u2666<\/p>\n<p><strong>prof. RNDr. Alexander Feher, DrSc., akademik U\u010denej spolo\u010dnosti Slovenska<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/\/app\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/09\/feher.jpg\" style=\"float:left;margin:15px 10px;width:20%\"><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;experiment\u00e1lny fyzik a <strong>emeritn\u00fd profesor na Pr\u00edrodovedeckej fakulte UPJ\u0160 v Ko\u0161iciach&nbsp;<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>&nbsp;jeden z inici\u00e1torov vzniku Centra excelentnosti \u2013 Centra fyziky ve\u013emi n\u00edzkych tepl\u00f4t v Ko\u0161iciach<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;ved\u00faci \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9ho vedeck\u00e9ho t\u00edmu vysok\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l na Slovensku identifikovan\u00e9ho Akredita\u010dnou komisiou vl\u00e1dy SR pod n\u00e1zvom Kvantov\u00fd magnetizmus a nanofyzika&nbsp;<br \/>\n\u2022&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;sk\u00fama kvantov\u00fd magnetizmus, supratekutos\u0165 He3 a fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti l\u00e1tok pri ve\u013emi n\u00edzkych teplot\u00e1ch<br \/>\n\u2022&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;t\u00edm pod jeho veden\u00edm dosiahol najni\u017e\u0161iu teplotu v b\u00fdvalej \u010cSFR, ke\u010f ochladil kvapaln\u00e9 h\u00e9lium-3 na teplotu 280 mikrokelvinov<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#c0392b\">\u0160pi\u010dkov\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd v\u00fdskum je nevy\u010derpate\u013enou studnicou pre aplik\u00e1cie<\/span>.<\/strong> Potvrdzuje to aj <span style=\"color:#c0392b\"><strong>v\u00fdskum chalkogenidov\u00fdch skiel<\/strong><\/span>, ktor\u00fd v\u00fdrazne skvalit\u0148uje n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color:#c0392b\"><strong>Obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdznam skla<\/strong><\/span> pre \u017eivot pod\u010diarkla aj Organiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov vyhl\u00e1sen\u00edm roka 2022 za Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd rok skla.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16332,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}"},"categories":[],"tags":[],"tax_aktuality":[],"class_list":["post-16330","cpt_aktualne_spravy","type-cpt_aktualne_spravy","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"acf_link_na_externy_obsah":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ako chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 skvalit\u0148uj\u00fa n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot.... - Pr\u00edrodovedeck\u00e1 fakulta | UPJ\u0160<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/actual-news\/27689\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ako chalkogenidov\u00e9 skl\u00e1 skvalit\u0148uj\u00fa n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot.... - Pr\u00edrodovedeck\u00e1 fakulta | UPJ\u0160\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0160pi\u010dkov\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd v\u00fdskum je nevy\u010derpate\u013enou studnicou pre aplik\u00e1cie. 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